sharukh khan entry in vijay awards

sivakarthikeyan in vijay awards

Ten scientific facts your child needs to know

Did humans live with dinosaurs? Does the moon disappear in the day? Kids love to know the answers to life's mysteries but there are a few facts they often get wrong in the name of science.

1. Dinosaurs and cavemen did not live at the same time

People did not coexist with the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs and people are well separated in terms of geologic time. Humans evolved about 65 million years after dinosaurs became extinct.

2. Batteries don't have electricity inside them

Chemical energy is stored in a battery; a chemical reaction converts the chemical energy to electricity. At the centre of each dry cell battery is a rod called a cathode, which is generally made of metal or graphite and is surrounded by an electrolyte paste. When a load is connected to the battery's terminals, a chemical reaction occurs between the cathode and the paste in each cell to produce about 1.5 volts of electricity.

3. The Moon cannot only be seen at night

The Moon can be seen in the daytime depending on its position relative to the Earth and the Sun. During the day, the Moon will appear white or grey because of the sunlight it reflects.

4. Rain doesn't come from holes in clouds

The clouds floating overhead contain water vapour and cloud droplets, which are small drops of condensed water. These droplets are too small to fall as rain, but they are large enough to be seen as clouds. Water is continually evaporating and condensing in the sky. The water droplets grow as a result of continued condensation and collision of the water particles. When enough collisions occur, they produce droplets and the droplets fall out of the cloud as rain.

5. The Sun doesn't boil the sea to create water vapour

Heat energy is used to break the bonds that hold water molecules together; water evaporates easily at the boiling point (100°C) but evaporates much slower at the freezing point (0°C). Water does not need to boil for evaporation to occur.

6. Objects don't float in water because they're lighter than water

An object will float if it weighs the same as or less than the weight of the water it displaces.

7. Heat is energy

Heat is a form of energy: the heat energy of a substance is determined by how active its atoms and molecules are. A hot object is one where the atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement. A cooler object's molecules and atoms will be less excited and show less movement.

8. The Sun doesn't disappear at night

The Earth is a large sphere that is spinning. The Sun's light shines on the Earth all the time; the side of the Earth that is facing the Sun will experience daylight. As the Earth keeps spinning, the side that was in the sunlight turns away from the Sun and enters the Earth's shadow to experience night.

9. The Sun is a star

The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System. It has a diameter of about 1,392,000 kilometres – about 109 times that of the Earth.

10. The Sun is not smaller than the Earth

The Sun appears smaller in size when seen from Earth because of the long distance between the Sun and the Earth. The radius of the Sun is actually 109 times larger than the Earth and the volume of the Sun is about 1,000,000 times that of Earth.

Pattathu Yaanai (2013) - ACD-Rip - Mp3 - VBR - All Songs - 320 Kbps

Music:Thaman S - Pattathu Yaanai
Production : Global Infotainment
Starring : Vishal Krishna, Aishwarya Arjun, Santhanam
Director : Boopathy Pandian
Lyrics : Na. Muthukumar

1.Thattungada Melattha
2.Enna Oru Enna Oru  

3.Poosani Kaai
4.Raja Raja Naandhaanae
5.Thala Kaalu Puriyala

PATTATHU YAANAI ACD-RIP 320KBPS SINGLE LINK  

 

How to fit 1,000 terabytes on a DVD

We live in a world where digital information is exploding. Some 90% of the world’s data was generated in the past two years. The obvious question is: how can we store it all?
In Nature Communications today, we, along with Richard Evans from CSIRO, show how we developed a new technique to enable the data capacity of a single DVD to increase from 4.7 gigabytes up to one petabyte (1,000 terabytes). This is equivalent of 10.6 years of compressed high-definition video or 50,000 full high-definition movies.
So how did we manage to achieve such a huge boost in data storage? First, we need to understand how data is stored on optical discs such as CDs and DVDs.



The basics of digital storage
Although optical discs are used to carry software, films, games, and private data, and have great advantages over other recording media in terms of cost, longevity and reliability, their low data storage capacity is their major limiting factor.
The operation of optical data storage is rather simple. When you burn a CD, for example, the information is transformed to strings of binary digits (0s and 1s, also called bits). Each bit is then laser “burned” into the disc, using a single beam of light, in the form of dots.
The storage capacity of optical discs is mainly limited by the physical dimensions of the dots. But as there’s a limit to the size of the disc as well as the size of the dots, many current methods of data storage, such as DVDs and Blu-ray discs, continue to have low level storage density.
To get around this, we had to look at light’s fundamental laws.

Circumnavigating Abbe’s limit
In 1873, German physicist Ernst Abbe published a law that limits the width of light beams.
On the basis of this law, the diameter of a spot of light, obtained by focusing a light beam through a lens, cannot be smaller than half its wavelength – around 500 nanometres (500 billionths of a metre) for visible light.
And while this law plays a huge role in modern optical microscopy, it also sets up a barrier for any efforts from researchers to produce extremely small dots – in the nanometre region – to use as binary bits.
In our study, we showed how to break this fundamental limit by using a two-light-beam method, with different colours, for recording onto discs instead of the conventional single-light-beam method.
Both beams must abide by Abbe’s law, so they cannot produce smaller dots individually. But we gave the two beams different functions:
- The first beam (red, in the figure right) has a round shape, and is used to activate the recording. We called it the writing beam
- The second beam – the purple donut-shape – plays an anti-recording function, inhibiting the function of the writing beam
- The two beams were then overlapped. As the second beam cancelled out the first in its donut ring, the recording process was tightly confined to the centre of the writing beam.
This new technique produces an effective focal spot of nine nanometres – or one ten thousandth the diameter of a human hair.


The technique, in practical terms
Our work will greatly impact the development of super-compact devices as well as nanoscience and nanotechnology research.
The exceptional penetration feature of light beams allow for 3D recording or fabrication, which can dramatically increase the data storage – the number of dots – on a single optical device.
The technique is also cost-effective and portable, as only conventional optical and laser elements are use, and allows for the development of optical data storage with long life and low energy consumption, which could be an ideal platform for a Big Data centre.
As the rate of information generated worldwide continues to accelerate, the aim of more storage capacity in compact devices will continue. Our breakthrough has put that target within our reach.



 courtesy :science alert


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Thalaivaa - Official Theatrical Trailer

THALAIVAA SONGS 320kbps download for free

thalaiva the most expected movie after the the thalabathys thuppaki which was a bumper hit.this most expected album is out now and is here for you.

Yaar Indha Saalaioram

Singers: G.V. Prakash Kumar, Saindhavi

Lyrics: Na.Muthukumar

G.V comes up with yet another ‘family duet’ that is as well crafted as the couple’s earlier partnerships in the past, if not better. Maybe G.V is saving the best for himself and Saindhavi, and they don’t disappoint as they do possess a magical chemistry. The orchestration is simply grand especially with the string section being effectively used. A soft song but thoroughly enjoyable because of the sparkling melodic hooks and engaging orchestration.

Vaanganna Vanakkanganna

Singers: Santhanam, Vijay

Lyrics: Na.Muthukumar

The highly celebrated 25^th ‘bhang-song’ sung by Vijay himself makes for the single most high point of this album. Santhanam too features in this song offering his classic ad-libs but its Vijay who singlehandedly propels this tune to delightfully dizzying heights. Vijay plays both actor and singer at the same time as he emotively slurs his way through hilarious lyrics, more drunken philosophies about love, without missing a note. G.V backs up the singer with infectious percussions and middle-eastern strings but all the roads eventually lead to the singer. Vijay – well done bro!

Sol Sol

Singers: Abhay Jodhpurkar, Megha, Vijay Prakash

Lyrics: Na.Muthukumar

A racy electronic dance number right at the midpoint of the soundtrack to ensure that the built up momentum is sustained. The tune has just about enough to scrape through into this high profile album. The treatment given by G.V helps the song escape being an overly generic western tune, despite the objective being the very same. He throws in some catchy synth hooks just when the track seems to be plateau-ing out. The male singers Vijay Prakash, Abhay Jodhpurkar deliver spirited performances as the track rides mostly on them.

The Ecstacy of Dance

Singers: Chennai Symphony, Instrumental, Kiran

Lyrics:

An instrumental with the flute taking the centre stage initially as the Violins dance in the background setting the groove. The brief tune builds up nicely featuring the melody of ‘Yaar indha Salai’ and knows exactly when to end.

Thalaivaa Thalaivaa

Singers: Haricharan, Pooja, Zia Ul Haq

Lyrics: Na.Muthukumar

A bit of Ilaiayaraja’s resonance is evident in the opening notes of the song and during the mid-section. Otherwise the track’s direction and focus remains on setting up a pulsating theme that’s clearly played to the gallery. The male chorus may seem rather simple but it does pack a punch nevertheless. The violins add the necessary drama. The echoing vocals are a clever production touch and ensure that ‘Thalapathy Thalapathy’ is ringing in your ears long after the song is over.



                                           Download Thalaivaa 320kbps songs for free

Four Wheel Drive - how do they work??

There are almost as many different types of four-wheel-drive systems as there are four-wheel-drive vehicles. The language used by the different car makers can sometimes be a little confusing, so before we get started explaining how they work, let's clear up some terminology:

• Four-wheel drive - Usually, when car makers say that a car has four-wheel drive, they are referring to a part-time system. For reasons we'll explore later in this article, these systems are meant only for use in low-traction conditions, such as off-road or on snow or ice.
• All-wheel drive - These systems are sometimes called full-time four-wheel drive. All-wheel-drive systems are designed to function on all types of surfaces, both on- and off-road, and most of them cannot be switched off.

Part-time and full-time four-wheel-drive systems can be evaluated using the same criteria. The best system will send exactly the right amount of torque to each wheel, which is the maximum torque that won't cause that tire to slip.
 For this we need to know a little about torque, traction and wheel slip before we can understand the different four-wheel-drive systems found on cars.

Torque, Traction and Wheel Slip

Torque is the twisting force that the engine produces. The torque from the engine is what moves your car. The various gears in the transmission and differential multiply the torque and split it up between the wheels. More torque can be sent to the wheels in first gear than in fifth gear because first gear has a larger gear-ratio by which to multiply the torque.
The bar graph below indicates the amount of torque that the engine is producing. The mark on the graph indicates the amount of torque that will cause wheel slip. The car that makes a good start never exceeds this torque, so the tires don't slip; the car that makes a bad start exceeds this torque, so the tires slip. As soon as they start to slip, the torque drops down to almost zero.

The interesting thing about torque is that in low-traction situations, the maximum amount of torque that can be created is determined by the amount of traction, not by the engine. Even if you have a NASCAR engine in your car, if the tires won't stick to the ground there is simply no way to harness that power.
For the sake of this article, we'll define traction as the maximum amount of force the tire can apply against the ground (or that the ground can apply against the tire -- they're the same thing). These are the factors that affect traction:
The weight on the tire -- The more weight on a tire, the more traction it has. Weight can shift as a car drives. For instance, when a car makes a turn, weight shifts to the outside wheels. When it accelerates, weight shifts to the rear wheels.
The coefficient of friction -- This factor relates the amount of friction force between two surfaces to the force holding the two surfaces together. In our case, it relates the amount of traction between the tires and the road to the weight resting on each tire. The coefficient of friction is mostly a function of the kind of tires on the vehicle and the type of surface the vehicle is driving on. For instance, a NASCAR tire has a very high coefficient of friction when it is driving on a dry, concrete track. That is one of the reasons why NASCAR race cars can corner at such high speeds. The coefficient of friction for that same tire in mud would be almost zero. By contrast, huge, knobby, off-road tires wouldn't have as high a coefficient of friction on a dry track, but in the mud, their coefficient of friction is extremely high.
Wheel slip -- There are two kinds of contact that tires can make with the road: static and dynamic.

• static contact -- The tire and the road (or ground) are not slipping relative to each other. The coefficient of friction for static contact is higher than for dynamic contact, so static contact provides better traction.
• dynamic contact -- The tire is slipping relative to the road. The coefficient of friction for dynamic contact is lower, so you have less traction.

Quite simply, wheel slip occurs when the force applied to a tire exceeds the traction available to that tire. Force is applied to the tire in two ways:

• Longitudinally -- Longitudinal force comes from the torque applied to the tire by the engine or by the brakes. It tends to either accelerate or decelerate the car.
• Laterally -- Lateral force is created when the car drives around a curve. It takes force to make a car change direction -- ultimately, the tires and the ground provide lateral force.

Let's say you have a fairly powerful rear-wheel-drive car, and you are driving around a curve on a wet road. Your tires have plenty of traction to apply the lateral force needed to keep your car on the road as it goes around the curve. Let's say you floor the gas pedal in the middle of the turn (don't do this!) -- your engine sends a lot more torque to the wheels, producing a large amount of longitudinal force. If you add the longitudinal force (produced by the engine) and the lateral force created in the turn, and the sum exceeds the traction available, you just created wheel slip.
Most people don't even come close to exceeding the available traction on dry pavement, or even on flat, wet pavement. Four-wheel and all-wheel-drive systems are most useful in low-traction situations, such as in snow and on slippery hills.
The benefit of four-wheel drive is easy to understand: If you are driving four wheels instead of two, you've got the potential to double the amount of longitudinal force (the force that makes you go) that the tires apply to the ground.
This can help in a variety of situations. For instance:

• In snow -- It takes a lot of force to push a car through the snow. The amount of force available is limited by the available traction. Most two-wheel-drive cars can't move if there is more than a few inches of snow on the road, because in the snow, each tire has only a small amount of traction. A four-wheel-drive car can utilize the traction of all four tires.
• Off road -- In off-road conditions, it is fairly common for at least one set of tires to be in a low-traction situation, such as when crossing a stream or mud puddle. With four-wheel drive, the other set of tires still has traction, so they can pull you out.
• Climbing slippery hills -- This task requires a lot of traction. A four-wheel-drive car can utilize the traction of all four tires to pull the car up the hill.

There are also some situations in which four-wheel drive provides no advantage over two-wheel drive. Most notably, four-wheel-drive systems won't help you stop on slippery surfaces. It's all up to the brakes and the anti-lock braking system (ABS).

how four wheel drive works??

The type of part-time system typically found on four-wheel-drive pickups and older SUVs works like this: The vehicle is usually rear-wheel drive. The transmission hooks up directly to a transfer case. From there, one driveshaft turns the front axle, and another turns the rear axle.
When four-wheel drive is engaged, the transfer case locks the front driveshaft to the rear driveshaft, so each axle receives half of the torque coming from the engine. At the same time, the front hubs lock.
The front and rear axles each have an open differential. Although this system provides much better traction than a two-wheel-drive vehicle, it has two main drawbacks. We've already discussed one of them: It cannot be used on-road because of the locked transfer case.
The second problem comes from the type of differentials used: An open differential splits the torque evenly between each of the two wheels it is connected to (see How Differentials Work for more details). If one of those two wheels comes off the ground, or is on a very slippery surface, the torque applied to that wheel drops to zero. Because the torque is split evenly, this means that the other wheel also receives zero torque. So even if the other wheel has plenty of traction, no torque is transferred to it.

Previously, we said that the best four-wheel-drive system will send exactly the right amount of torque to each wheel, the right amount being the maximum torque that won't cause that tire to slip. This system rates fairly poorly by that criterion. It sends to both wheels the amount of torque that won't cause the tire with the least traction to slip.
There are some ways to make improvements to a system like this. Replacing the open differential with a limited-slip rear differential is one of the most common ones -- this makes sure that both rear wheels are able to apply some torque no matter what. Another option is a locking differential, which locks the rear wheels together to ensure that each one has access to all of the torque coming into the axle, even if one wheel is off the ground -- this improves performance in off-road conditions.

nitro boosts-performance enhanced

Nitro Boosts is an engineer-only permanent "enchant" to your belt. It will give a 5 second speed increase every 3 minutes. The actual speed increase is 150%, which is 50% more than epic land mount. 


How does nitro boost work?

Nitrous oxide is most commonly made by fusing and "boiling" ammonium nitrate to form steam, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, ammonium nitrate 'fog' and small amounts of very toxic higher oxides of nitrogen.(NO2, NO, etc):






                                  NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O, ΔH = −36.8 kJ:
The addition of various phosphates favors formation of a purer gas. This reaction occurs at around 240°C, a temperature where ammonium nitrate is a moderately sensitive explosive and a very powerful oxidizer. At temperatures much above 240°C the exothermic reaction may run away, perhaps up to the point of detonation. The mixture must be cooled to avoid such a disaster. In practice, the reaction involves a series of tedious adjustments to control the temperature to within a narrow range, which it will not naturally tend to stay in. Professionals have destroyed whole neighborhoods by losing control of such commercial processes. 


In car racing, nitrous is sometimes injected into the intake manifold or inserted before the manifold to increase power: even though the gas itself is not flammable, it delivers more oxygen than regular air by breaking down at elevated temperatures, thus allowing the engine to burn more fuel and air. Additionally, since nitrous oxide is stored as a liquid, the evaporation of liquid NO in the intake manifold causes a large drop in intake charge temperature. This results in a smaller, denser charge, and can reduce detonation, as well as increase power available to the engine.

One of the major problems of using nitrous oxide in a reciprocating engine is that it can produce enough power to destroy the engine. Power increases of 100-300% are possible, and unless the mechanical structure of the engine is reinforced, most engines would not survive this kind of operation.

 

iOS soon to be integrated in the car

The time has arrived for an iCar.Confirming an earlier rumor, Apple announced heavy integration between iOS and cars during its WWDC(World Wide Developers Conference) 2013 keynote.Yes , Apple is enhancing iPhone integration in cars with its latest software update, iOS 7. But not every new car will benefit from the added functionality.


 

Starting in 2014, a dozen automakers will offer Apple’s new iOS in the Car, which will allow drivers to access key functions on their iPhone via the dashboard screen. They’ll be able to make phone calls, play music, display Apple Maps and receive iMessages, either by using the car’s controls or by giving voice commands to Siri through the car’s sound system.

Even better, Siri, Apple’s voice-recognition program that acts like a digital personal assistant, can read iMessages aloud and transcribe dictated responses as part of Apple’s Eyes Free feature set.

Automakers that will offer iOS in the Car include Acura, Chevrolet, Ferrari, Honda, Hyundai, Infiniti, Jaguar, Kia, Opel, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan and Volvo.
Exactly which models will get iOS in the Car and whether the feature will be standard or optional has not been announced.



Siri also has new male and female voices in English, French and German. Apple will be adding other languages over time.iOS 7 will be available this fall and will work with iPhone 4 or later and iPad 2 or later.

Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie

Its been a long time since of release of the updated version of android. At this point, the next iteration of Android likely won't show its face until October.
yes... the updated version of android "the android 5.0 key lime pie " is expected to be in the market by October 2013.Some of the key changes that will arrive with the next-generation platform, called Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie, will include optimization for entry-level devices
Google has already done this to some degree with Project Butter, an optimization effort that was baked into Android 4.1 Jelly Bean. It will take things much further, however, with Key Lime Pie so that Android devices won't necessarily require dual-core processors and 1 GB of RAM. This will allow hardware makers to create smartphones that have an even lower cost than they do today, which will help further Android's push into emerging markets..

Historically, Google have always introduced new versions of Android on their own Nexus device. However, this time around very little is known about the Nexus 5 , so Key Lime Pie could well launch on the Motorola X Phone.

The Motorola X Phone is rumored to be landing in stores in November , which sits well with the rumored October launch of Android 5.0. The high-spec smartphone looks set to be the first collaboration between the two since Google acquired Motorola back in 2011.

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Making a line follower robot

It is a machine that follows a line, either a black line on white surface or vise-versa. For Beginners it is usually their first robot to play with. In this tutorial, we will teach you to make the line follower robot move on the line with a type of feedback mechanism. It’s the most basic example of adding small intelligence to a robot, but it’s actually the designer’s intelligence!!

After reading this section completely you will be playing with the one shown below. Moreover we will make it modular so that it can be easily modified in future.

The main electronics/mechanical components that will be used in making this line follower robot are two sensors made using LDRs, transistors as motor driver circuit, acrylic sheet, General purpose board, Two DC motors and battery. 

Chassis

It’s basically the frame of the robot on which motors and wheels are mounted and all the circuitry part is also placed on it.

For base, we will be using Acrylic sheet of dimension 14x13cm square and thickness of 4mm for our chassis, it can be easily available at any picture frame shop.

Acrylic sheet

 

Drive Mechanism

We will be using a three wheel differential drive using two motors and one caster wheel or an Omni directional wheel. The Direction and speed of the two motors can be controlled independently.  

Motor, Motor clamp and tyre

Caster wheel

chassis Layout

Our first step would be drilling holes to fix caster and clamps for motors. Though i haven't done any drilling while making this line following robot, just pasted caster and motor clamps with the help of double sided tape!!. But if you are making it for any small college project or competition fix every thing properly with screws. Also solder a 2 pin connector to the motors pins. 

Motors with connector

Now fix motors, caster and also attach wheels to the motors. As I said it is to made modular, attach a two pin connector to each motor.

Final chassis

Now the chassis is complete. Lets make its circuit!. 

Circuit

We will be using light sensors, particularly Light dependent Resistors (LDRs) to detect black line on white surface. The figure below will explain how to detect black line on white surface.

The overall circuit for this robot is shown below. To know in detail about sensor circuit see this tutorial and for motor driver circuit part see this. 

How would the above circuit works?

The logic is simple. Left sensor will be controlling left motor, when the sensor is on white surface motor will be switched on else switched off. Similarly right motor is controlled by right sensor. The picture below will give you an idea.

 

Now lets make it. To sense the line properly sensors must be placed on the robot is such a way that they are very close to the ground. For this we have divided the circuit into two parts, first part would be LDR and LED pairs. These are to be soldered on a small general purpose board and mounted just in front of caster wheel facing downwards. This circuit is connected to the second part with the help of a 4 pin connector. This sensor part is modular as we can use them for another purpose also. You don't need to solder them again, just unplug the connector and use them. Ensure that distance between two LDR must be 4-5mm greater than the width of the black line. It is necessary to cover the LED LDR pair with some absorbing material in order to avoid ambient light (enviremnet light) to fall on LDR. See the pictures below. 

General purpose board

Sensor Part soldered

Insulate soldered part

sensor covering

Second part consist of motor driver circuit and the threshold adjusting potentiometer. This part would be soldered on another general purpose board and would be placed on the top of chassis. The reason for placing potentiometer in this part is that it would be easier to adjust sensor threshold. See the pictures below. 

Part 2 soldered

Now all the chassis and circuit part is done lets combine them all!.

Combining all

Fix the sensor part just in front caster,facing downwards. ensure that there is very less clearance between sensor covering and ground. See the picture below.

Sensor Placement

Now connect the battery to the circuit and also plugin the motors in there respective connectors. For more information regarding battery and there charging circuit see this tutorial. I am using two 3.7V Li-ions cells in series for this robot.

Small cheap 9 V batteries will not be able to drive this robot for more that 4-5 minutes.

Li-ion battery

Complete Robot

Adjust the threshold of LDR such that when sensor is on black surface voltage at base of transistor must be less than 0.5Volts. If motors are rotating is reverse direction just change the polarity of that motor. After all this you would be able to make a robot that moves like the one below!.

 

Ambikapathy - Theatrical Trailer (Exclusive)

Kollywood dances for IPL song -Ananda Vikatan

COURTESY:- VIKATAN YOUTUBE CHANNEL

Google SketchUp Pro 2013 13.0.4124

Google SketchUp Pro 2013 13.0.4124 | 75.1 Mb

Hundreds of thousands of professionals in (take a deep breath) architecture, construction, engineering, commercial interiors, light construction, landscape

architecture, kitchen & bath design, urban planning, game design, film & stage, woodworking, and plenty of other fields use SketchUp Pro all the time, every day. It’s

the all-purpose antidote to complicated, expensive CAD software.

A smarter way to think about 3D modeling
SketchUp Pro is like a pencil with superpowers. Start by drawing lines and shapes. Push and pull surfaces to turn them into 3D forms. Stretch, copy, rotate and paint

to make anything you like. More advanced? Start modeling from CAD and terrain data, photographs or even hand sketches. Build models with custom behaviors and

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At some point in every project, you need to produce a set of drawings that shows your model: plans, sections, elevations, perspectives. LayOut in SketchUp Pro lets you

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There’s a reason SketchUp is synonymous with friendly and forgiving 3D modeling software: we don’t sacrifice usability for the sake of functionality. With handy

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Your mother always told you that the key to 3D modeling success was tidiness and organization. Make your models easy to work on and easy to present. Use groups and

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Google SketchUp Pro 2013 13.0.4124 | 75.1 Mb
 

Blogging 100 Success Secrets

Daniel Harris, "Blogging 100 Success Secrets - 100 Most Asked Questions on Building, Optimizing, Publishing, Marketing and How..."
2008 | ISBN-10: 1921523565 | PDF | 166 pages | 5 MB











Addresses the top 100 consultancy & education forum questions, with tips & success factors on Building, Optimizing, Publishing, Marketing & How to Make Money with Blogs.


                                                          download

4-Stroke Engine Basic Operation

Four Stroke Engine-Basic operation

The four stroke engine was first demonstrated by Nikolaus Otto in 1876, hence it is also known as the Otto cycle. The technically correct term is actually four stroke cycle. The four stroke engine is probably the most common engine type nowadays. It powers almost all cars and trucks.

The operation is as follows -


1. Intake Stroke - The inlet valve is opened and the fuel/air mixture is drawn in as the piston travels down.


2. Compression Stroke - The inlet valve is closed and the piston travels back up the cylinder compressing the fuel/air mixture. Just before piston reaches the top of its compression stroke a spark plug emits a spark to combust the fuel/air mixture. The number of degrees before the top its stroke is the ignition advance. When the piston is at the top of its travel it is at top dead centre (TDC).


3. Combustion Stroke - The piston is now forced down by the pressure wave of the combustion of the fuel air mixture. The engines power is derived from this stroke


4. Exhaust Stroke - The exhaust valve is opened and the piston travels back up expelling the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve. At the top of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed. This process is then repeated.
The above is the cycle of operation of one cylinder of a 4-stroke engine. Generally engines have 2 or more cylinders acting in concert with each other to produce the engine power.
It is interesting to note that one complete engine cycle takes two revolutions but that individual valves and spark plugs only operate once in this time. Hence their timing needs to be taken from a half engine speed signal, which is the camshafts speed.


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Metamaterials breakthrough could lead to the first wide-spectrum optical invisibility cloak

feeling creepy right..?? this had been in research for a long time ... To make a Harry Potter-style invisibility cloak requires the use of materials that have what's known as a negative refractive index over all optical wavelengths, from red to violet. However, the artificially-structured optical materials from which cloaks are made thus far have been restricted to a very narrow range of optical wavelengths, limiting their ability to cloak over a range of colors. That obstacle to progress looks to be at an end, as a group of optical engineers at Stanford has succeeded in designing a broadband meta material that exhibits a negative refractive index over nearly the entire rainbow.

 

The first invisibility cloaks, made at Duke University, worked by bending light around an object to be cloaked, as illustrated below. However, it is not quite this simple. The light exiting the cloak must also match the polarization and the phase of the light that travels past the cloak, or it will show a visible presence. You wouldn't know what was being cloaked, but you could tell there was a cloak.

To make an effective cloak over all optical wavelengths requires a remarkable level of control over the optical properties of the materials which make up the cloak. This control is supplied by optical metamaterials, which are (usually) periodic nanostructured materials, where the periodic cells are in essence tiny electromagnetic circuits that interact with both the electric and magnetic fields of light.
This is a trick that very few natural materials can accomplish. While previous attempts to create metamaterials have involved the creation of artificial "atoms" that are composed of one constituent that interacts with the electric field, and one that interacts with the magnetic field, the individual constituents interact with different colors of light, and it is typically difficult to make them overlap over a broad range of wavelengths.
As a result, their bandwidth, or the range of wavelengths over which they function, is typically quite limited. A cloak that only works for a particular color of yellow light would not be terribly useful, unless all you want to cloak is bananas.
Stanford Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Jennifer Dionne and her co-workers have designed a new type of metamaterial with a unified structure that allows it to efficiently interact with both the electric and magnetic fields of light over a broad range of colors. It was created using a design technique called conformal transformation, which involved "folding" a two-dimensional metamaterial with known properties into a three-dimensional nanoscale object shaped like a crescent moon that preserves those original optical properties.

The new Stanford metamaterial consists of a three-dimensional periodic array made up of three of these artificial nanocrescent atoms. When tuned for visible light, the material would exhibit a negative refractive index over a band from blue to red, only missing the very extremes of the visible spectrum. However, the researchers claim that a few tweaks to its structure would make this metamaterial useful across the entire visible spectrum.
The broad bandwidth of the new Stanford metamaterial suggests that this new class of materials will one day allow the fabrication of invisibility cloaks that are truly invisible, at least to the human eye. Beyond this, the extraordinary freedom to control light with metamaterials is likely to lead to hordes of applications never previously imagined.

hydraulic door closer

Have you ever thought how this stuff works??
 

yeah i have you the answer for you!!!!

Hydraulic door closer are some devices that are installed at the top of the door and its frame. A hydraulic door closer helps close a door automatically. 

Working of the Hydraulic Door Closers:-

The hydraulic door closer is simple and easy to work with. One end of the hydraulic door is attached to the door, and the other end is attached to the door frame. When the door is opened, the hydraulic door closer pulls the door and closes it rather than slamming the door. This happens because the closer has a sealed tube which contains a spring, so that the closer can work properly like how it is supposed to work. It includes a fluid-filled chamber which releases the pressure to close the door in a slow manner rather than banging it. Moreover, the door closer even helps in improving the energy efficiency, in case of any unexpected accident such as fire.

some basic mechanical devices

MECHANICAL SEAL:-

A mechanical seal is a device which helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage (e.g., in a plumbing system), containing pressure, or excluding contamination.
The effectiveness of a seal is dependent on adhesion in the case of sealants and compression in the case of gaskets.

Band Brake:

A band brake is a primary or secondary brake, consisting of a band of friction material that tightens concentrically around a cylindrical piece of equipment to either prevent it from rotating (a static or "holding" brake), or to slow it (a dynamic brake). This application is common on winch drums and chain saws and is also used for some bicycle brakes.

A former application was the locking of gear rings in epicyclic gearing. In modern automatic transmissions this task has been taken over entirely by multiple-plate clutches or multiple-plate brakes.

Band brakes can be simple, compact, rugged, and can generate high force with a light input force. However, band brakes are prone to grabbing or chatter and loss of brake force when hot. These problems are inherent with the design and thus limit where band brakes are a good solution.

Tap and die:-

Taps and dies are cutting tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. A tap is used to cut the female portion of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut the male portion of the mating pair (e.g., a screw). The process of cutting threads using a tap is called tapping, whereas the process using a die is called threading. Both tools can be used to clean up a thread, which is called chasing. 

 

 ball bearing

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races.
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.
  

 

 

Brain–computer interface

A brain–computer interface (BCI), often called a mind-machine interface (MMI), or sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.
Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA^. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature.
The field of BCI research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. Thanks to the remarkable cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels. Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.

The history of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs)

The history of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) starts with Hans Berger's discovery of the electrical activity of the human brain and the development of electroencephalography (EEG). In 1924 Berger was the first to record human brain activity by means of EEG. By analyzing EEG traces, Berger was able to identify oscillatory activity in the brain, such as the alpha wave (8–12 Hz), also known as Berger's wave.
Berger's first recording device was very rudimentary. He inserted silver wires under the scalps of his patients. These were later replaced by silver foils attached to the patients' head by rubber bandages. Berger connected these sensors to a Lippmann capillary electrometer, with disappointing results. More sophisticated measuring devices, such as the Siemens double-coil recording galvanometer, which displayed electric voltages as small as one ten thousandth of a volt, led to success.
Berger analyzed the interrelation of alternations in his EEG wave diagrams with brain diseases. EEGs permitted completely new possibilities for the research of human brain activities.

BCI versus neuroprosthetics

Neuroprosthetics is an area of neuroscience concerned with neural prostheses. That is, using artificial devices to replace the function of impaired nervous systems and brain related problems, or of sensory organs. The most widely used neuroprosthetic device is the cochlear implant which, as of December 2010, had been implanted in approximately 220,000 people worldwide. There are also several neuroprosthetic devices that aim to restore vision, including retinal implants.
The difference between BCIs and neuroprosthetics is mostly in how the terms are used: neuroprosthetics typically connect the nervous system to a device, whereas BCIs usually connect the brain (or nervous system) with a computer system. Practical neuroprosthetics can be linked to any part of the nervous system—for example, peripheral nerves—while the term "BCI" usually designates a narrower class of systems which interface with the central nervous system.
The terms are sometimes, however, used interchangeably. Neuroprosthetics and BCIs seek to achieve the same aims, such as restoring sight, hearing, movement, ability to communicate, and even cognitive function. Both use similar experimental methods and surgical techniques.

Human BCI research

Vision

Invasive BCI research has targeted repairing damaged sight and providing new functionality for people with paralysis. Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery. Because they lie in the grey matter, invasive devices produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to scar-tissue build-up, causing the signal to become weaker, or even non-existent, as the body reacts to a foreign object in the brain.
In vision science, direct brain implants have been used to treat non-congenital (acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to produce a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher William Dobelle.
Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was implanted onto Jerry’s visual cortex and succeeded in producing phosphenes, the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to a mainframe computer, but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted^.

In 2002, Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle’s second generation implant, marking one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across the visual field in what researchers call "the starry-night effect". Immediately after his implant, Jens was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive an automobile slowly around the parking area of the research institute^.

Movement

BCIs focusing on motor neuroprosthetics aim to either restore movement in individuals with paralysis or provide devices to assist them, such as interfaces with computers or robot arms.
Researchers at Emory University in Atlanta, led by Philip Kennedy and Roy Bakay, were first to install a brain implant in a human that produced signals of high enough quality to simulate movement. Their patient, Johnny Ray (1944–2002), suffered from ‘locked-in syndrome’ after suffering a brain-stem stroke in 1997. Ray’s implant was installed in 1998 and he lived long enough to start working with the implant, eventually learning to control a computer cursor; he died in 2002 of a brain aneurysm^.
Tetraplegic Matt Nagle became the first person to control an artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine-month human trial of Cyberkinetics’s BrainGate chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle’s right precentral gyrus (area of the motor cortex for arm movement), the 96-electrode BrainGate implant allowed Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV.One year later, professor Jonathan Wolpaw received the prize of the Altran Foundation for Innovation to develop a Brain Computer Interface with electrodes located on the surface of the skull, instead of directly in the brain.
More recently, research teams led by the Braingate group at Brown University^. and a group led by University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,both in collaborations with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, have demonstrated further success in direct control of robotic prosthetic limbs with many degrees of freedom using direct connections to arrays of neurons in the motor cortex of patients with tetraplegia.

Partially invasive BCIs

Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter. They produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully invasive BCIs.
Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the electrical activity of the brain taken from beneath the skull in a similar way to non-invasive electroencephalography (see below), but the electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above the cortex, beneath the dura mater. ECoG technologies were first trialed in humans in 2004 by Eric Leuthardt and Daniel Moran from Washington University in St Louis. In a later trial, the researchers enabled a teenage boy to play Space Invaders using his ECoG implant.This research indicates that control is rapid, requires minimal training, and may be an ideal tradeoff with regards to signal fidelity and level of invasiveness.
(Note: these electrodes had not been implanted in the patient with the intention of developing a BCI. The patient had been suffering from severe epilepsy and the electrodes were temporarily implanted to help his physicians localize seizure foci; the BCI researchers simply took advantage of this.)
Signals can be either subdural or epidural, but are not taken from within the brain parenchyma itself. It has not been studied extensively until recently due to the limited access of subjects. Currently, the only manner to acquire the signal for study is through the use of patients requiring invasive monitoring for localization and resection of an epileptogenic focus.
ECoG is a very promising intermediate BCI modality because it has higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, wider frequency range, and less training requirements than scalp-recorded EEG, and at the same time has lower technical difficulty, lower clinical risk, and probably superior long-term stability than intracortical single-neuron recording. This feature profile and recent evidence of the high level of control with minimal training requirements shows potential for real world application for people with motor disabilities.
Light Reactive Imaging BCI devices are still in the realm of theory. These would involve implanting a laser inside the skull. The laser would be trained on a single neuron and the neuron's reflectance measured by a separate sensor. When the neuron fires, the laser light pattern and wavelengths it reflects would change slightly. This would allow researchers to monitor single neurons but require less contact with tissue and reduce the risk of scar-tissue build-up.


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Korean researchers develop flexible battery

Researchers in South Korea have developed a flexible battery that could be a step towards the development of flexible smartphones.

Samsung's flexible Youm display is a prototype that will worry competitors 

The team, from the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, say they have developed a "fluid-like" polymer electrolyte that is more flexible than a traditional battery.

The new system is, according to the researchers, more stable than conventional batteries.

A spokesman for the Korean science ministry told the Korean Joongang Daily: "Conventional lithium-ion batteries that use liquefied electrolytes had safety problems as the film that separates the electrolytes may melt under heat, in which case the positive and negative elements may come in contact, causing an explosion."

Last week, at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Samsung showed off a prototype for a flexible smartphone, which it calls Youm.

On stage at CES the prototype phone was shown being flexed and bent without any conspicuous colour distortion, with other pre-recorded demonstrations shown on film.

Corning, the maker of Gorilla Glass, which is widely used across mobile phones, is also working on a flexible glass product called Willow.
It is likely to be available in time for use on devices such as the Samsung Galaxy S4 and the forthcoming iPhone, but will not offer the flexibility of plastic. Subsequent mobile phone releases, therefore, may not use as much glass and may instead move to flexible displays.

Micromax canvas 4

Indian smartphone manufacturer Micromax has released a teaser of its upcoming handset called Canvas 4. The company has posted two teaser videos of the device on its official YouTube channel. The videos, with tagline "Can Life Be Endless," show a smartphone with a sleek body and 13MP camera.

Expected to be an update to the popular Canvas HD smartphone, the upcoming Micromax Canvas 4 is speculated to have an eight-core processor, like Samsung Galaxy S4. The YouTube channel of Micromax states that pre-bookings for the device will start from June 28.

Micromax in January said that it will launch a total of 30 smartphones this year. Since then, it has rolled out devices like Canvas HD, Canvas 3D, Canvas Music, Bolt A35 and Canvas Viva.

A vast and diverse range at affordable price points is part of Micromax's ambitious plans to emerge as the largest phone seller in India, ahead of Nokia and market leader Samsung. In January, it claimed to have shipped 1.98 lakh phablets in Q4 2012, as compared to 1.89 lakh units sold by the South Korean manufacturer Samsung.

In smartphones, Micromax has scored quite well recently with its entry-level Canvas 2 A110 and mid-range Canvas HD A116 phablets respectively. The company is facing a severe shortage of Canvas HD and has not been able to get its supplies in order, leading to a waiting period of up to two weeks.

Micromax Canvas 4 Features

• Micromax Canvas 4 is a 5.5 incher phone with touchscreen (16M colours)
• This smartphone, along with 2 GB of RAM, is powered with 2 GHz Quad-core Cortex A7 processor.
• Micromax Canvas 4 boasts off 13 megapixel rear side camera with autofocus (touch to focus), complemented by other features such as 3.2 MP front facing camera.
• This smartphone packs along the latest OS instalment of Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean till date, which adds tons of new functionalities to the already-wonderful gadget.

Micromax Canvas 4 Technical Specifications 

• Mobile Networks: 2G/3G/4G LTE
• Dual SIM: Yes
• Physical Dimensions: N/A
• Weight: N/A
• Screen: 5.5 inch capacitive multi-touch HD display.
• Screen Resolution: 1920 x 1080 Pixels
• Videography: High Definition Video Recording with 1080p at 30 fps.
• Rear camera: 13 megapixels, touch-to-focus function (autofocus), face & smile detection with dual-LED Flash. Also includes Geo-Tagging & Image stabilization.
• Front Camera: 3.2 MP
• Processor: 2 GHz Quad-core Cortex A7
• Chipset: N/A
• Graphics: PowerVR Series 5XT
• Internal Memory: 8 GB (Expandable through MicroSD Card upto 64 GB)
• RAM: 2 GB
• Speed: N/A
• Wireless connectivity: Bluetooth v4.0 with A2DP, Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n
• NFC: Yes
  
• Wireless Charging: N/A
• Wi-Fi Especial features: Wi-Fi Hotspot, Dual-Band
• Connectivity: 3.5mm headphone jack, USB 2.0
• Mobile OS: Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean
• Mobile Internet: HTML5 mobile browser
• Voice quality: Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic
• Audio/Video: Supports all foremost audio/video formats
• Battery: Li-Ion, 3000 mAh
• Radio/FM: Yes, with recording
• Navigation: Digital compass, GPS/A-GPS (via Google Maps application)
• Voice Recognition: Yes
• Sensors: Barometer, Proximity, gyro sensors, Accelerometer
• Colour options: White, Black
• Other features: MP3/ WAV/ eAAC+ player, MP4/ WMV/ H.264/ H.263 player, Organizer, Document viewer, Image/ video editor, Google Search, Maps, Gmail, Voice memo/ dial/ commands, YouTube, Calendar, Picasa, Google Talk, Predictive text input, Tethering, Computer sync, OTA sync.

Micromax Canvas 4 Release Date

Micromax Canvas 4, dubbed as “Micromax A120 Canvas HD Pro”, is likely to get released on 30 June, 2013 in India. However, its prebooking will be starting from 30th June, 2013.